Clean Air Evidence

Methods for Reducing Lead Exposure in Young Children and Other Risk Groups

11/01/1990

P Mushak and AF Crocett. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. November 1990.

“Methods for reducing lead exposure in young children and other risk groups” shows that blood-lead levels in children fell every year, eventually to below toxic levels, as leaded gasoline was slowly phased out.

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Costs and Benefits of Reducing Lead in Gasoline

02/01/1985

Joel Schwartz, Hugh Pitcher, Ronnie Levin, Bart Ostro, Albert L. Nichols. Environmental Protection Agency. February 1985.

Environmental Protection Agency’s own “Costs and Benefits of Reducing Lead in Gasoline” shows that benefits already outstripped costs by $700 million in 1985, largely due to reduced medical and auto maintenance costs.

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Chronological Trend in Blood Levels Between 1976 and 1980

06/09/1983

Joseph L. Annest, James L. Pirkle, Diane Makuc, Jane W. Neese, David D. Bayse and Mary Grace Kovar. New England Journal of Medicine. June 9, 1983.

“Chronological Trend in Blood Levels between 1976 and 1980” (subscription required) clearly depicts the success of the EPA’s effort to remove lead from gasoline. Due to the agency’s regulatory push, the lead levels in American gasoline fell by 50 percent (between 1976 and 1980). Atthe same time, blood-lead levels fell 37 percent.

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